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In many areas, indigenous stone is available from the local region, such as limestone, marble, granite, and sandstone. It mat be cut in quarries or removed from the surface of the ground (flag and fieldstone). Ideally, stone from the building site can be utilized. Depending on the stone type, it can be used for structural block, facing block, pavers, and crushed stone. Most brick plants are located near the clay source they use to make brick. Bricks are molded and baked blocks of clay. Brick products come in many forms, including structural brick, face brick, roof tile, structural tile, paving brick, and floor tile. Caliche is a soft limestone material which is mined from areas with calcium-carbonate soils and limestone bedrock. It is best known as a road bed material, but it can be processed into an unfired building block, stabilized with an additive such as cement. Other earth materials include soil blocks typically stabilized with a cement additive and produced with forms or compression. Rammed Earth consists of walls made from moist, sandy soil, or stabilized soil, which is tamped into form work. Walls are a minimum of 12″ thick. Soils should contain about 30% clay and 70% sand. CONSIDERATIONS: The use of locally available and indigenous earth materials has several advantages in terms of sustainability. They are: Reduction of energy costs related to transportation. Reduction of material costs due to reduced transportation costs, especially for well-established industries. Support of local businesses and resource bases. Care must be taken to ensure that non-renewable earth materials are not over-extracted. Ecological balance within the region needs to be maintained while efficiently utilizing its resources. Many local suppliers carry materials that have been shipped in from out of the area, so it is important to ask for locally produced/quarried materials. Both brick and stone materials are aesthetically pleasing, durable, and low maintenance. Exterior walls weather well, eliminating the need for constant refinishing and sealing. Interior use of brick and stone can also provide excellent thermal mass, or be used to provide radiant heat. Some stone and brick makes an ideal flooring or exterior paving material, cool in summer and possessing good thermal properties for passive solar heating. Caliche block has been produced for applications similar to stone and brick mentioned above. Caliche or earth material block has special structural and finishing characteristics. Rammed earth is more often considered for use in walls, although it can also be used for floors. Rammed earth and caliche block can be used for structural walls, and offer great potential as low-cost material alternatives with low embodied energy. In addition, such materials are fireproof. Caliche block and rammed earth can be produced on-site. It is very important to have soils tested for construction material use. Some soils, such as highly expansive or bentonite soils, are not suitable for structural use. Testing labs are available in most areas to determine material suitability for structural use and meeting codes. Soils for traditional adobe construction are not found in some areas, but other soils for earth building options are available. Many areas have a high percentage of soils suitable for ramming (approximately 19,610 acres in the Austin, TX area, according to the US. Department of Agriculture). Caliche is also abundant in many areas (covering 14 % of the Austin geographic area, for instance) and is readily available locally. Commercial Status Implementation Issues T E C H N O L O G Y S U P P L I E R S C O S T F I N A N C I N G A C C E P T A N C E R E G U L A T O R Y Stone Brick Caliche FOUNDATION Stone Brick Caliche FLOOR Stone Brick Caliche WALL (A) Stone Brick Rammed Earth WALL (B) Legend Satisfactory Satisfactory in most conditions Satisfactory in Limited Conditions Unsatisfactory or Difficult COMMERCIAL STATUS TECHNOLOGY: Stone cutting, brick production and masonry techniques are mature technologies. Rammed earth and caliche block construction are not well known by most builders and architects today, although there are some architects and builders who are experienced with these materials. SUPPLIERS: There are numerous suppliers of indigenous stone and local brick in many regions. Caliche block and rammed earth are not available commercially, but can be created on site. There are contractors who can provide machinery for manufacturing compressed soil block, and in some places such block is commercially available. COST: Brick: approximately $2.00 per square foot (4 inch material) and up depending on thickness. Stone: $4.00 to $15.00 per square foot (material) depending on type. Compressed soil block: approximately $1.80 per square foot (9 inches thick). Earth block made from labor intensive methods cost significantly less. IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES FINANCING: Stone and brick materials do not pose a problem for lending institutions, and are often valued positively for increased property value and fire rating. Rammed earth, compressed soil block, and caliche block may pose problems for traditional financing. Proper testing and building code compliance will assist lenders in accepting their products. PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE: Stone and brick construction are considered desirable, although their use for interior thermal mass is not common in many areas. Rammed earth and caliche block are little known, and may not currently receive wide public acceptance. REGULATORY: In structural applications, materials must be rated for appropriate load requirements. Unfired caliche blocks can easily pass Unified Building Code standards for compression with an average of 960 p.s.i...